In this public lecture, Thomas Piketty, Professor at École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris (EHESS) and the École d’économie de Paris/Paris School of Economics, presents new findings and reflections on global inequality dynamics as part of the new series of Lectures on Public Policy curated by the School of Social Science. Piketty stresses the need to go beyond the Western-centered historical perspective on inequality regimes and explores the relationship between rising inequality and the changing structure of political conflict, from class-based to identity-based conflict.